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[B&W LOGO]
BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOBACCO CORPORATION
ROOT TECHNOLOGY
A HANDBOOK FOR
LEAF BLENDERS
AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS
FEBRUARY 1991 RESTRICTED
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ROOT TECHNOLOGY
A HANDBOOK FOR
LEAF BLENDERS AND
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS
PREPARED BY:
P.L. AULBACH
R.R. BLACK
B.B. CHAKRABORTY
A.C. DIESING
R.A. GONTERMAN
R.R. JOHNSON
D.L. SCHOLTEN
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
THE INFORMATION IN THIS HANDBOOK IS DERIVED FROM
THE WORK OF MANY SCIENTISTS, BOTH WITHIN B&W AND
FROM ASSOCIATED BAT COMPANIES, PARTICULARLY BATCF
AND SOUZA CRUZ. WE WISH TO ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR
WORK, WITHOUT WHICH THE PUBLICATION OF THIS
HANDBOOK WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE.
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CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION......................1
CHEMICAL SYNOPSIS................11
SENSORY ATTRIBUTES...............18
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS............28
REGULATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS.....41
PATENTS..........................46
GLOSSARY.........................51
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FOREWORD
THIS HANDBOOK IS INTENDED AS A BASIC GUIDE FOR THE LEAF BLENDER
AND/OR PRODUCT DEVELOPER WHO IS LOOKING FOR WAYS TO INCORPORATE
ROOT TECHNOLOGY (RT) IN A CIGARETTE DESIGN. IT DOES NOT CONTAIN
DETAILED CHEMICAL INFORMATION ON RT. RATHER, IT DESCRIBES WAYS TO
USE THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE CURRENTLY IN ROUTINE PRODUCTION
USE. THE READER WHO USES THIS INFORMATION SHOULD CONSIDER THE
GUIDELINES GIVEN AS A STARTING POINT, AND NOT AS FINAL PRODUCT
SPECIFICATIONS. FOR ANY GIVEN PRODUCT THERE WILL BE AN OPTIMUM
USAGE LEVEL AND APPLICATION SITE. WITH THE DIVERSE TYPES OF
PRODUCTS AND VARIOUS CONSUMER TASTES IN MARKETS AROUND THE WORLD,
THESE "OPTIMA" WILL ALMOST CERTAINLY BE DIFFERENT FOR VARIOUS
PRODUCTS.
THE HANDBOOK IS CONSTRUCTED IN A WAY THAT GIVES THE READER A
GENERAL BACKGROUND, GOES INTO EXPECTATIONS FOR THE RT's
AVAILABLE, THEN DESCRIBES SPECIFIC APPLICATION INFORMATION. THE
INTRODUCTION DESCRIBES THE BACKGROUND OF RT, INCLUDING
COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY. THE NEXT SECTION BRIEFLY DESCRIBES THE
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TYPES OF RT's WHICH ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. SENSORY ATTRIBUTES
GIVES MORE DETAIL ON HOW RT WORKS, AND DESCRIBES THE EFFECTS THE
VARIOUS TYPES OF RT HAVE ON CIGARETTE SENSORY PROPERTIES.
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS DESCRIBES HOW A PRODUCT DEVELOPER AND/OR
LEAF BLENDER SHOULD BEGIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT USING RT. THE FINAL
TWO SECTIONS DEAL WITH REGULATIONS, RESTRICTIONS, AND CURRENT
PATENTS ON RT. A GLOSSARY IS APPENDED.
RT IS A RELATIVELY NEW TECHNOLOGY AT B&W AND WITHIN THE BAT GROUP
OF COMPANIES. THERE IS A GREAT DEAL OF DEVELOPMENT WORK AND
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS IN SEVERAL LABORATORIES. THUS, THIS HANDBOOK
MUST BE VIEWED AS A FIRST EDITION, WITH LATER EDITIONS BEING
PERIODICALLY ISSUED AS NEW KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE ARE GAINED.
AGAIN, THIS COMMUNICATION IS INTENDED TO GIVE THE BACKGROUND
NECESSARY TO BEGIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT USING RT. AS SUCH, IT MUST
BE SOMEWHAT GENERAL IN ITS NATURE. B&W R&D WILL DISCUSS ANY
QUESTIONS IN FURTHER DETAIL ON REQUEST.
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT AMMONIA DOES
AMMONIA IN TOBACCO REACTS WITH REDUCING SUGARS TO FORM
NONVOLATILE FLAVOR PRECURSORS. THE FLAVORS ARE PRODUCED DURING
SMOKING. THE DEGREE AND TYPE OF FLAVOR CHANGE IMPARTED BY
AMMONIA/SUGAR PRODUCTS DEPENDS TO A LARGE DEGREE ON HOW STRONGLY
THE AMMONIA AND SUGAR ARE FORCED TOGETHER. THERE IS A COMPLEX
SEQUENCE OF REACTIONS THAT OCCUR, AND THE CLOSER ONE GETS TO THE
ENDPOINT BEFORE MAKING CIGARETTES, THE BETTER THE TASTE (IN
GENERAL). THE DETAILED CHEMISTRY IS LITTLE UNDERSTOOD, BUT IS
SIMILAR TO THAT INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA CARAMELS.
CIGARETTE SMOKE AMMONIA IS ENTIRELY DIFFERENT. IT EFFECTIVELY
SCAVENGES THOSE SMOKE COMPOUNDS THAT LEAD TO HARSHNESS. IT CAN
LIBERATE FREE NICOTINE FROM THE BLEND, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH
INCREASES IN IMPACT AND "SATISFACTION" REPORTED BY SMOKERS. IT
CAN ALSO DECREASE MENTHOL PERCEPTION FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF APPLIED
MENTHOL. THIS IS DESCRIBED IN GREATER DETAIL IN THE SENSORY
ATTRIBUTES SECTION.
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NATURAL AMMONIA REACTING WITH NATURAL SUGARS
THE IMPORTANT POINT IS THAT RT ALREADY OCCURS NATURALLY IN
TOBACCO. IN PRACTICING IT WE ARE SIMPLY ENHANCING WHAT WAS THERE
ALL THE TIME. TOBACCO CONTAINS NATURAL AMMONIA AND SUGARS, WHICH
MUST CERTAINLY REACT. WE SEE SOME OF THE PRODUCTS NATURALLY IN
FLUE-CURED TOBACCO.
AMMONIA/SUGAR EFFECTS ON SMOKE TASTE WERE ENHANCED WHEN CASED
BURLEY TOBACCO WAS REDRIED IN MAKING PIPE TOBACCOS. CASING AND
REDRYING GREATLY REDUCED THE HARSHNESS OF BURLEY, AND SLOWED ITS
BURN RATE. THE BURLEY TASTE CHARACTER WAS ALSO CHANGED MARKEDLY.
THIS APPROACH WAS LATER INCORPORATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
U.S. BLENDED CIGARETTE, WHICH FIRST APPEARED AS CAMEL IN 1913.
PHILIP MORRIS BAND-CAST RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO
RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO (RECON) MANUFACTURE WAS PIONEERED BY THE
CIGAR MANUFACTURERS WHO NEEDED ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES TO LEAF FOR
BINDERS AND WRAPPERS. THE MOST SUCCESSFUL METHOD WAS DEVELOPED
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BY THE GENERAL CIGAR COMPANY. IT INVOLVED COOKING AND FINELY
GRINDING A WATER SLURRY OF STEMS AND TOBACCO FINES, AND CASTING
IT ON A WIDE STAINLESS STEEL BELT WHICH CONVEYED IT THROUGH A
DRYING TUNNEL. THE DRIED SHEET WAS SCRAPED OFF THE END OF THE
BELT. THIS IS THE BAND-CAST PROCESS, SOMETIMES ALSO CALLED THE
SLURRY PROCESS. SOME NATURAL PECTIN IS RELEASED DURING THE
GRINDING AND COOKING OF THE SLURRY, AND IT IS THIS PECTIN THAT
HOLDS THE FINAL RECON SHEET TOGETHER. B&W's RECON, PCL, WAS MADE
IN THIS MANNER WITH NO FURTHER CHEMICAL TREATMENT OR ADDED
BINDERS. IMASCO's AJAX PROCESS PCL IS MADE IN THE SAME WAY, BUT
SOMETIMES WITH A BINDER, SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE.
AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME IN THE EARLY 1950's, PHILIP MORRIS (PM)
WAS ALSO DEVELOPING A BAND-CAST RECON TO REALIZE THE ECONOMIES OF
FULLY USING STEMS AND TOBACCO FINES. BUT PM DECIDED TO FREE MOST
OP THE PECTIN IN THE TOBACCO, THUS PRODUCING A STRONG SHEET.
PECTIN RELEASE WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY COOKING THE SLURRY WITH DAP,
AND ADDING MORE AMMONIA AS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN EFFICIENT PECTIN
RELEASING CONDITIONS. WE CALL THIS SHEET RCB.
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PM'S RCB SHEET DRAMATICALLY ALTERED THE SMOKE TASTE FROM TOBACCO
BLENDS. THE TASTE CHARACTER SHIFTED STRONGLY TOWARD BURLEY. WAS
THIS BY DESIGN OR BY ACCIDENT? WE DON'T KNOW FOR SURE, BUT IT IS
A MAJOR PLAYER IN ESTABLISHING THE TASTE OF MARLBORO.
PM's PAPER RECON
A PAPER PROCESS RECON IS INHERENTLY CHEAPER TO MANUFACTURE THAN A
BAND-CAST RECON. THIS IS BECAUSE THE FIBERS IN THE STARTING
MATERIAL ARE USED AS THE BINDER. THUS, LESS REFINING IS
NECESSARY, AND PROCESSING AND ENERGY COSTS ARE LOWER.
SMALL AMOUNTS OF PAPER RECON FIRST APPEARED IN PM'S BRANDS IN
1973. OVER A PERIOD OF SEVERAL YEARS IT INCREASED UNTIL IT
LEVELLED OFF AT ABOUT 70% OF THE RECON IN PM's CIGARETTE BLENDS.
THIS GROWTH IN PM's PAPER RECON USAGE COINCIDED WITH THE
EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF THEIR MARLBORO BRAND.
AT SOME POINT, PM INTRODUCED RT INTO THEIR PAPER RECON PROCESS.
THIS WAS DONE BY ADDING DAP TO THE MIX. THE IMPORTANT POINT IS
THAT PM
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HAS NEVER BEEN ABLE TO FULLY REPLACE RCB WITH THEIR CHEAPER PAPER
RECON. THIS FACT LED TO THE CONCLUSION AT B&W THAT RCB IS THE
"SOUL OF MARLBORO". CONFIRMATION OF THIS CONCLUSION IS PROVIDED
BY PM's USE OF RCB IN WORLDWIDE MARKETS, WHEREVER REGULATIONS AND
ECONOMICS ALLOW, WHILE OTHER COMPONENTS DO VARY.
TWO RECENT CHANGES IN PM's PAPER RECON HAVE BEEN INCORPORATION OF
UREA (MORE LATER) FOR HARSHNESS REDUCTION, AND THE USE OP PROPYL
PARABEN TO RETARD MOLD GROWTH.
PM's AMMONIUM CARBONATE EXPANDED TOBACCO (ACET)
PM FIRST STARTED USING ACET IN THE EARLY 1970's. HOWEVER, THIS
EXPANSION PROCESS HAS PROBLEMS, INCLUDING CORROSION OF PROCESS
EQUIPMENT. ACET WAS PHASED OUT IN THE U.S. ABOUT DECEMBER, 1981.
IN THE LAST PHASES OF ACET USE, ONLY PM's LOUISVILLE FACTORY WAS
MAKING MARLBORO WITH ACET; THE RICHMOND AND NORTH CAROLINA
FACTORIES WERE MAKING MARLBORO WITH DIET. IT Is OUR UNDERSTANDING
THAT PM USED AMMONIUM CARBONATE IN CASINGS DURING THE TRANSITION
STAGE WHILE ACET WAS BEING PHASED OUT.
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PM Is ALSO USING AMMONIUM CARBONATE TO FACILITATE NICOTINE
RELEASE IN DENICOTINIZING TOBACCO FOR THEIR NEW "DE-NIC" BRANDS.
THESE ALL SEEM TO USE THE SAME 100% FLUE-CURED BLEND, BUT THIS
BLEND ENDS UP WITH TWICE THE AMMONIA LEVEL OF THEIR MARLBORO
BLEND.
B&W's UREA DEVELOPMENT
B&W OBTAINED A U.S. PATENT IN 1976 ON THE USE OF ADDED UREA TO
MAKE A FLUE-CURED BLEND TASTE MORE LIKE A U.S. BLEND. UREA WAS
ALSO FOUND TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING AT LEAST ONE TYPE OF
HARSHNESS, THE TYPE THAT ARISES FROM SMOLDERING CELLULOSICS. IN
EARLY RT WORK ON A VERY HARSH BLEND, THE USE OF UREA WAS VERY
EFFECTIVE. WHILE B&W DID NOT PURSUE THIS DEVELOPMENT FURTHER,
CELANESE USED ABOUT 2% UREA IN THEIR CYTREL TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE TO
REDUCE "PAPER TASTE". B&W WORK WITH SIMILAR TOBACCO SUBSTITUTES
SHOWED UREA TO MARKEDLY IMPROVE THEIR SMOKE TASTE. KIMBERLY-CLARK
HAS ALSO PROPOSED A MIX OF UREA AND PALMITIC ACID FOR REDUCING
THE HARSHNESS OF PAPER RECONS.
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B&W DEVELOPMENT OF CPCL
RT GENERALLY INVOLVES "FORCING SOME AMMONIA CHEMISTRY", AND THIS
IS MOST CONVENIENTLY DONE DURING RECON MANUFACTURE. B&W's TWO RT
RECONS WILL BE BRIEFLY DEFINED HERE, AND DETAILED IN LATER
SECTIONS OF THE HANDBOOK.
THE OBJECTIVE IN CPCL DEVELOPMENT WAS TO MATCH PM's RCB IN ALL
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS EXCEPT FOR NITRATE REMOVAL. (PM REMOVES
SOME NITRATE FROM RCB.) THIS OBJECTIVE HAS BEEN MET. THERE STILL
REMAIN SOME LESSER DIFFERENCES, SUCH AS MORE LICORICE IN RCB.
WITH THE PURCHASE OF THE LANCASTER FACTORY FOR CPCL PRODUCTION,
B&W WILL SOON BE IN A POSITION TO FURTHER OPTIMIZE THIS IMPORTANT
RECON PRODUCT, INCLUDING NITRATE REMOVAL. THE FIRST STEP IS TO
GET THE PROCESS OPERATING SMOOTHLY AND MEET B&W's QUALITY AND
PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS. PLANS ARE BEING FORMULATED FOR LATER
OPTIMIZATION EXPERIMENTS.
AN IMPORTANT NOTE IS THAT USE OF CPCL ALLOWS THE USE OF LESS
BURLEY IN THE BLEND. THIS IS BECAUSE
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CPCL SHIFTS SMOKE CHARACTER IN THE "BURLEY DIRECTION".
B&W DEVELOPMENT OF EBR
EBR DEVELOPMENT HAD THE TWOFOLD OBJECTIVES OF MAKING RT RECON AND
REMOVING NITRATE. THE STEM SIDE OF THE FURNISH IS PRIMARILY
BURLEY STEMS, WHICH CONTAIN A HIGH LEVEL OF NITRATE. THE EXTRACT
FROM THE STEM DIGESTION IS DISCARDED, WHICH REMOVES 60-70% OF THE
NITRATE PROM THE FINISHED PRODUCT. DAP AND REDUCING SUGARS ARE
ADDED TO THE CONCENTRATED EXTRACT LIQUOR (CEL) FROM LAMINA FINES
EXTRACTION. THIS CEL IS THEN ADDED BACK TO THE BASE PAPER WHICH
IS FORMED FROM THE EXTRACTABLE FIBER RESIDUE.
AMMONIATED CASINGS
BATCF USE HIGH LEVELS OF STEM MADE BY A WATER TREATMENT PROCESS.
DUE TO REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS ON OTHER RT's, BATCF DEVELOPED
EMERGE AS A STEM CASING ADDITIVE. IT CONTAINS AMMONIUM SALTS OF
ACIDS OCCURRING NATURALLY IN TOBACCO, WITH SOME NATURAL PLANT
POLYSACCHARIDE GUM.
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SOUZA CRUZ ALSO USES HIGH TREATED STEM LEVELS AND NO RECON IN
THEIR BLENDS. THEY HAVE DEVELOPED A TOBACCO CASING (ANSIRO) MADE
BY HEATING AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE WITH A 70% ETHANOL EXTRACT OF
BANANAS.
B&W USES DAP AS A CASING IN SOME LICENSED PRODUCTS. THIS IS IN
ADDITION TO THE DAP IN THE EBR USED IN THIS BLEND. DAP WAS USED
IN THESE PRODUCTS PRIOR TO USE OF EBR IN THE BLEND, AND REMAINED
AFTER EBR WAS SUBSTITUTED FOR THE MOORGATE RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO
(MRT). THIS HIGHER LEVEL OF DAP WAS SHOWN TO BE PREFERRED IN A
CONSUMER PRODUCT TEST.
EACH OF THESE CASING MATERIALS IS DISCUSSED IN MORE DETAIL LATER
IN THE HANDBOOK.
OTHER ROOT TECHNOLOGY IN THE U.S. MARKET
THERE ARE TWO CONSISTENT TRENDS APPARENT IN THE U.S. MARKET.
FIRST, RECON IS THE PREFERRED MEANS FOR APPLYING RT. SECOND,
EVERYONE IS WORKING HARD TO MATCH PM SMOKING QUALITY.
THE SITUATION AT B&W IS USE OF RT IN ALMOST ALL
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DOMESTIC AND EXPORT NONMENTHOL BRANDS. B&W IS ALSO DOING MAJOR
DEVELOPMENT WORK ON VARIANTS OF EXISTING RT.
PM USES RT IN MOST, BUT NOT ALL, DOMESTIC BRANDS, BOTH MENTHOL
AND NONMENTHOL. HOWEVER, PM's NEWEST MENTHOL BRANDS (ALPINE AND
MARLBORO MENTHOL) DO NOT USE RT. PM's U.S. BLEND EXPORT PRODUCTS
GENERALLY USE RT.
R.J. REYNOLDS USE RT IN SOME BRANDS, MOST NOTABLY WINSTON. THEY
APPEAR TO DIRECTLY AMMONIATE THEIR PAPER RECON SHEET USING
GASEOUS AMMONIA. BAND CAST RECON IS NOT USED IN ANY RJR PRODUCTS.
LORILLARD HAS BEEN USING DAP IN CASINGS FOR MANY YEARS. WE NOW
FIND A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF DAP IN THE RECON USED IN MANY
LORILLARD BRANDS.
AMERICAN TOBACCO HAS BEEN USING A DAP RECON IN SOME OF THEIR NEW
BRANDS.
WE HAVE NOT SEEN ANY SIGN OF RT IN LIGGETT'S BRANDS.
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CHEMICAL SYNOPSIS OF ROOT TECHNOLOGIES
WITHIN BAT, THERE ARE BASICALLY FIVE SYSTEMS USED FOR DELIVERY OF
RT INTO PRODUCTION. THESE ARE CPCL, EBR, DAP, BATCF'S EMERGE, AND
SOUZA CRUZ'S ANSIRO. THERE ARE OTHER RT's CURRENTLY IN
DEVELOPMENT WORK, ANO SOME OF THEM WILL BE MENTIONED AT THE END
OF THIS SECTION. HOWEVER THIS HANDBOOK WILL CONCERN ITSELF ONLY
WITH THE FIVE MENTIONED ABOVE. THE FOLLOWING IS A BRIEF
DISCUSSION OF THESE RT's. THEY ARE DESCRIBED IN MORE DETAIL IN
THE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES AND SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS SECTIONS.
CPCL
CPCL IS A BAND-CAST RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO, WITH 7.4% DAP, 3.1%
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE AND REDUCING SUGARS INCLUDED IN ITS FORMATION.
IT IS THE FORM OF RT THAT HAS BEEN THE MOST SUCCESSFUL AT B&W TO
IMPROVE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS. ITS BENEFITS COME FROM BEING AN
AMMONIA SOURCE, AS WELL AS INCORPORATING SUGAR-AMMONIA REACTIONS.
AS A LOW ALKALOID BLEND COMPONENT, IT ALSO ABSORBS NICOTINE
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FROM HIGHER ALKALOID CONTAINING COMPONENTS. IT INCREASES BURLEY
CHARACTER IN THE BLEND, WHILE REDUCING IRRITATION. THIS CAN ALLOW
REDUCING THE PERCENTAGE OF BURLEY IN THE BLEND. IT IS DIFFERENT
FROM MANY OTHER RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS IN THAT IT IS A POSITIVE
BLEND CONTRIBUTOR RATHER THAN MERELY A FILLER.
CPCL HAS A LOWER FILL VALUE THAN LEAF OR PROCESSED STEM. IT IS
ALSO LESS "DURABLE" THAN LEAF, RESULTING IN A SMALLER PARTICLE
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AFTER PROCESSING. FOR THESE REASONS, IT WILL IN
ALL LIKELIHOOD BE NECESSARY TO INCREASE CIGARETTE DENSITY TO
ACHIEVE EQUAL CIGARETTE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES WHEN REPLACING EITHER
STEM OR LEAF WITH CPCL.
DUE TO ITS ALMOST "COMPLETE" AMMONIA CHEMISTRY, SUGAR-AMMONIA
REACTIONS AND A SMOKE AMMONIA SOURCE, CPCL IS THE PREFERRED
METHOD FOR INCORPORATING RT IN A BLEND. DUE TO ITS POTENCY,
HOWEVER, CARE MUST BE TAKEN NOT TO OVERPOWER THE BLEND. THIS IS
COVERED IN MORE DETAIL LATER IN THE HANDBOOK.
A CAUTION IS THAT CPCL MUST BE AGED THIRTY DAYS AFTER MANUFACTURE
PRIOR TO PROCESSING. IN ADDITION,
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FINISHED PRODUCT MUST AGE FOR AT LEAST ONE WEEK (AND PREFERABLY
TWO) BEFORE SMOKING.
EBR
EBR IS A PAPER-TYPE RECON, WITH 3% DAP AND REDUCING SUGARS
INCLUDED IN ITS FURNISH. IT IS A SOURCE OF AMMONIA. AND SOME
SUGAR-AMMONIA CHEMISTRY IS INVOLVED. IT IS EFFECTIVE AT REDUCING
IRRITATION REPORTED BY SMOKERS, AND IMPARTS BURLEY CHARACTER. As
WITH CPCL, IT ABSORBS NICOTINE FROM OTHER BLEND COMPONENTS.
EBR's FILL VALUE IS ALSO LOWER THAN THAT OF PROCESSED STEM OR
LEAF. IT IS ALSO LESS DURABLE THAN LEAF, BUT MORE DURABLE THAN
CPCL. THUS, IT WILL PROBABLY ALSO BE NECESSARY TO INCREASE
CIGARETTE DENSITY TO ACHIEVE EQUAL CIGARETTE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
WHEN REPLACING LEAF OR STEM WITH EBR.
EBR CAN BE USED AT VIRTUALLY ANY LOGICAL RECONSTITUTED LEVEL IN
THE BLEND WITHOUT DELETERIOUS EFFECTS FROM THE AMMONIA. IN FACT,
IT CAN BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CPCL TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED
SMOKE SENSORY PROPERTIES.
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DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (DAP)
WHILE DAP IS USED IN THE RECONS MENTIONED ABOVE, IT CAN ALSO BE
USED AS A CASING, AND BE APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE BLEND. RT IS A
WHITE CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE, EASILY DISSOLVED IN WATER. THE
RESULTING SOLUTION IS SOMEWHAT CORROSIVE, HOWEVER, AND STAINLESS
STEEL EQUIPMENT MUST BE USED TO HANDLE IT. IT ALSO DOES NOT MIX
WELL WITH SOME OTHER CASING COMPONENTS, SOMETIMES CAUSING
PRECIPITATION IN THE CASING KETTLE. THUS, IF USED AS A LEAF
CASING, IT MUST BE HANDLED AND SPRAYED SEPARATELY FROM OTHER LEAF
CASINGS. WHERE USED, CAP IS TYPICALLY APPLIED AT 0.5% OF THE
TOTAL BLEND. HOWEVER, IT IS PREFERRED TO USE THE DAP IN THE FORM
OF CPCL OR EBR. BY DOING THIS, THE SUGAR-AMMONIA CHEMISTRY WILL
ALREADY BE IN PLACE, AND WILL NOT HAVE TO BE INITIATED WITH OTHER
CASING COMPONENTS.
EMERGE
SINCE DAP (AND CONSEQUENTLY CPCL AND EBR) IS NOT ALLOWED BY
GERMAN REGULATIONS, BATCF HAVE DEVELOPED EMERGE AS A PRIMARY
SOURCE OF AMMONIA IN CIGARETTES.
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IT IS AN EASILY HANDLED WATER-BASED SOLUTION OF AMMONIA AND
SEVERAL ACIDS. AS WITH OTHER RT's, IT IS BEST APPLIED TO A
LOW-ALKALOID PORTION OF THE BLEND, PREFERABLY STEM OR
RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO. THE MECHANISM IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF
CPCL AND ERR, AS EMERGE ACTS PRIMARILY AS A SOURCE OF AMMONIA
WITH LESS OF THE SUGAR-AMMONIA REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CPCL AND
EBR.
EMERGE IS LESS CORROSIVE TO PROCESS EQUIPMENT AND IS EASIER TO
HANDLE THAN DAP. IF APPLIED TO STEM, IT REDUCES THE STEM
HARSHNESS. HOWEVER, IT CAN ALSO REDUCE THE FILL VALUE OF THE
STEM, AND EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE AN APPROPRIATE DENSITY
INCREASE ARE INDICATED.
ANSIRO
ANSIRO IS A CASING WHICH CAN BE USED ON STEM OR LAMINA DEVELOPED
BY SOUZA CRUZ WITH A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT APPROACH. IT USES AMMONIA
IN CONJUNCTION WITH A BANANA EXTRACT. THUS, IT INCLUDES SOME
SUGAR-AMMONIA CHEMISTRY AS WELL AS BEING A SOURCE OF AMMONIA. Ir
IS A BROWN WATER-BASED LIQUID, WHICH IS
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EASILY HANDLED AND NON-CORROSIVE. SOUZA CRUZ'S EXPERIENCE IS THAT
IT IS BEST TO APPLY ANSIRO PRIOR TO STEM EXPANSION. IF USED ON
STEM, AS IT REDUCES THE FILLING VALUE OF THE STEM IF APPLIED
AFTER EXPANSION. IF USED AS A CASING, IT SHOULD BE APPLIED TO THE
FLUE-CURED TOBACCO RATHER THAN THE BURLEY IF THE BURLEY TOBACCO
IS REDRIED.
ONE OBVIOUS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANSIRO AND THE EMERGE AND DAP RT's
IS THE USE OF BANANA EXTRACT. ANSIRO WILL IMPART FLAVOR NOTES AS
WELL AS THE NORMAL EFFECTS FROM RT. IT IS EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING
IRRITATION, WITH SOMEWHAT LOWER CONTRIBUTION TO BURLEY CHARACTER
THAN THE OTHER METHODS.
"ON THE HORIZON"
RESEARCH IS CONTINUING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER RT's. THESE
INCLUDE SUGAR-AMMONIA REACTION OF NEW TYPES, DEER, AND OTHERS.
THE USE or AMMONIUM TARTRATE WITH ANSIRO IS BEING INVESTIGATED BY
SOUZA CRUZ WITH SOME SUCCESS. AT THIS POINT IN TIME, HOWEVER, THE
RT's MENTIONED ABOVE ARE THE "TRIED AND TRUE" METHODS WHICH CAN
BE IMPLEMENTED WITH ASSURANCE
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OF SUCCESS.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
THE PREFERRED METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING RT IS THE INCLUSION OF CPCL
IN THE BLEND. AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH IS TO USE EBR, OR A
COMBINATION OF CPCL AND EBR. THIS WOULD ALLOW A RECONSTITUTED
TOBACCO INCLUSION OF OVER 10% IN THE BLEND.
IF RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO OR DAP ARE NOT APPROPRIATE, EMERGE AND
ANSIRO ARE GOOD ALTERNATIVES TO USE. HOWEVER, KEEP IN MIND THAT
THE METHODS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE. THE MECHANISMS ARE
DIFFERENT, AND CAN HAVE VARYING INTERACTIONS WITH VARIOUS BLEND
TYPES.
ONE ADDITIONAL CAUTION IS THAT PRODUCTS USING RT MUST BE ALLOWED
TO AGE FOR AT LEAST ONE WEEK AFTER FABRICATION BEFORE BEGINNING
SENSORY TESTING. THIS AGING IS TO ALLOW THE VARIOUS MECHANISMS
ASSOCIATED WITH RT TIME TO OCCUR.
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SENSORY ATTRIBUTES
BEFORE DISCUSSING THE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF THE INDIVIDUAL
VEHICLES FOR AMMONIA INCORPORATION, IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND
THE SCOPE OF RT IN MODULATING A PRODUCT. INPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF
AMMONIA WITH RESPECT TO SENSORY ATTRIBUTES ARE DISCUSSED BELOW:
AMMONIA AS AN AMELIORANT
RT CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE MOLECULAR AMMONIA INTO SMOKE. WHAT
AMMONIA DOES IS THAT IT REACTS WITH SOME OF THE KNOWN IRRITANTS
IN SMOKE AND CONVERTS THEM INTO NEW COMPOUNDS WHICH ARE NOT
IRRITANTS. SUCH REACTIONS CAN OCCUR IN THE COAL OF A BURNING
CIGARETTE OR EVEN AFTER THE SMOKE IS GENERATED. THIS IS HOW
AMMONIA ACTS AS AN AMELIORANT.
AMMONIA AS IMPACT BOOSTER
AMMONIA, WHEN ADDED TO A TOBACCO BLEND, REACTS WITH THE
INDIGENOUS NICOTINE SALTS AND LIBERATES FREE NICOTINE. AS A
RESULT OF SUCH CHANGE, THE RATIO OF EXTRACTABLE NICOTINE TO BOUND
NICOTINE IN THE SMOKE
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MAY BE ALTERED IN FAVOR OF EXTRACTABLE NICOTINE. AS WE KNOW,
EXTRACTABLE NICOTINE CONTRIBUTES TO IMPACT IN CIGARETTE SMOKE AND
THIS IS HOW AMMONIA CAN ACT AS AN IMPACT BOOSTER.
AMMONIA AS FLAVOR PROMOTER
AS MENTIONED ABOVE, AMMONIA LIBERATES ADDITIONAL FLAVOR
COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING FREE NICOTINE, FROM THE BLEND. BECAUSE OF
THIS PHENOMENON, SUCH COMPOUNDS CAN TRANSFER MORE EFFICIENTLY
INTO THE SMOKE. THIS MEANS THAT, AT THE SAME BLEND ALKALOID
CONTENT, A CIGARETTE INCORPORATING RT WILL DELIVER MORE FLAVOR
COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING NICOTINE, INTO SMOKE THAN ONE WITHOUT IT.
AMMONIA AS TOBACCO TASTE ENHANCER
AS MENTIONED IN THE INTRODUCTION, THROUGH RT WE ENHANCE WHAT IS
ALREADY PRESENT IN TOBACCO. AS WE ALL KNOW. ALL TOBACCOS REQUIRE
CERTAIN PERIODS OF MINIMUM AGING TO DEVELOP FULL TASTE AND FLAVOR
POTENTIAL. DURING THIS AGING PROCESS, REACTIONS TAKE PLACE THAT
ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE THAT OCCUR IN CERTAIN RT'S. THROUGH PROCESS
CONTROL, IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACCELERATE SUCH REACTIONS IN RT,
RESULTING IN HIGHER
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CONCENTRATIONS OF MATERIALS SIMILAR TO THOSE NATURALLY OCCURRING
IN TOBACCO AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE TOBACCO TASTE AND FLAVOR. AS A
MATTER OF FACT, PYROLYSIS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PYROLYSIS OF
CERTAIN SUGAR/AMMONIA REACTION POLYMERS PRODUCE MANY COMPOUNDS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLAVOR OF BURLEY TOBACCO SMOKE. WE BELIEVE
THAT BECAUSE OF THIS EFFECT, THERE IS AN ENHANCEMENT OF THE
TOBACCO TASTE THROUGH USE OF RT.
FROM THE FOREGOING DISCUSSIONS, ONE MIGHT HASTEN TO CONCLUDE THAT
ADDING SOME AMMONIA TO TOBACCO WOULD BE THE PANACEA TO CORRECTING
ANY IRRITATION PROBLEM OR LACK OF TOBACCO TASTE. THAT IS NOT SO.
AMMONIA IS EXTREMELY VOLATILE AND IS A GAS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
(BOILING POINT - 33.4 C). THEREFORE, IF ADDED AS AMMONIA, PER SE,
IT WOULD BE LOST FROM THE TOBACCO FAIRLY QUICKLY. THE SECRET TO
USING RT IS TO USE IT IN THE FORM OF MORE STABLE COMPOUNDS SUCH
AS DAP OR UREA, WHERE HEAT WILL TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF AMMONIA. A
BETTER APPROACH IS THROUGH PRIOR REACTION WITH TOBACCO SUCH THAT
AMMONIA CAN REMAIN "BONDED" THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND BE
RELEASED BY THE ACTION OF HEAT.
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DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE COMPOUND USED AS AMMONIA SOURCE,
THE SMOKE SENSORY QUALITY WILL VARY.
WITH THIS BACKGROUND, THE SMOKE SENSORY QUALITIES OF VARIOUS
VEHICLES OF AMMONIA INCORPORATION ARE GIVEN BELOW. IN DISCUSSING
THE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES, REFERENCE WILL BE MADE BY THE FOREGOING
DISCUSSIONS TO RELATE THE SMOKE SENSORY ATTRIBUTE OF EACH VEHICLE
TO A SPECIFIC FUNCTION OF AMMONIA.
CPCL
IT IS A BAND CAST RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO MADE BY DIGESTING TOBACCO
BY-PRODUCTS WITH AMMONIA AND DAP. ALTHOUGH IT IS A RECONSTITUTED
TOBACCO, UNLIKE ANY OTHER TRADITIONAL RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS, IT
IS NOT ONLY AN IMPORTANT VEHICLE FOR AMMONIA INCORPORATION, IT
ALSO SERVES AS TOBACCO TASTE ENHANCER BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCE OF
FLAVOR PRECURSORS SIMILAR TO THOSE PRESENT NATURALLY IN TOBACCO.
THE SMOKE SENSORY QUALITY OF CIGARETTES MADE ENTIRELY FROM CPCL
HAVE MEDIUM IMPACT, LOW IRRITATION, GOOD MOUTHFEEL AND BODY AND
ALSO HAS A
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CHARACTERISTIC SWEETNESS IN THE SMOKE. THE SMOKE FLAVOR PROFILE
IS DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER TOBACCOS BUT CAN BE BROADLY
CLASSIFIED AS AIR-CURED WITH SOME SIMILARITIES TO BURLEY TOBACCO.
IN A BLEND CONTAINING 7-10% CPCL, IT IMPARTS SOME OF THE BENEFITS
MENTIONED ABOVE. FOR EXAMPLE, A CIGARETTE CONTAINING 9% CPCL HAS
HIGHER IMPACT, LOWER IRRITATION, BETTER BODY AND MOUTHFEEL,
BETTER TOBACCO TASTE (TOASTED) AND SLIGHTLY MORE SWEETNESS IN
SMOKE THAN THE SAME BLEND WITHOUT CPCL. SO, CPCL OFFERS ALL THE
FOUR BENEFITS OF RT DISCUSSED EARLIER.
SMOKE ANALYSES OF 100% CPCL AND OF CIGARETTES CONTAINING VARYING
LEVELS OF CPCL IN A TYPICAL AMERICAN BLEND, ARE GIVEN IN THE
ATTACHED TABLE. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IN THESE RESULTS ARE THE
NICOTINE TRANSFER EFFICIENCIES. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT 100% CPCL
CIGARETTES HAVE UNUSUALLY HIGH NICOTINE TRANSFER EFFICIENCIES OF
22% AGAINST NORMAL VALUES OF 12-15% FOR TOBACCOS. ALSO, IN THE
BLENDS CONTAINING CPCL, THE NICOTINE TRANSFER EFFICIENCY
PROGRESSIVELY GOES UP WITH INCREASING LEVELS OF CPCL.
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EBR
EBR STANDS FOR EXTRACTED BURLEY RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO AND IS MADE
BY THE PAPER PROCESS. IT WAS DEVELOPED AS A VEHICLE FOR USING
BURLEY STEM IN THE FORM OF RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO. THE FURNISH,
THEREFORE, IS HEAVILY SKEWED TOWARDS BURLEY STEM. IN EBR
MANUFACTURE, THERE IS NOT NEARLY AS MUCH REACTION OF THE AMMONIA
SOURCE WITH TOBACCO INGREDIENTS AND, THEREFORE, THERE ARE NOT
ENOUGH REACTION PRODUCTS FORMED TO ENHANCE THE TOBACCO TASTE AS
DOES CPCL.
CIGARETTES MADE ENTIRELY FROM EBR HAVE MODERATE IRRITATION, LOW
IMPACT, SLIGHT BODY, AND ALSO HAVE SLIGHTLY STEMMY CHARACTER. THE
VALUE OF EBR LIES In THE FACT THAT IT IS A SIGNIFICANT
IMPROVEMENT OVER CIGARETTES CONTAINING EQUIVALENT PROPORTIONS OF
PROCESSED STEM AS IS USED IN THE EBR FURNISH. IN A BLEND, IT ACTS
MORE LIKE A FILLER TOBACCO. FOR EXAMPLE, AT 15% INCLUSION LEVEL,
EBR REDUCES THE HARSHNESS AND IMPARTS SLIGHT BODY BY SUPPLYING
AMMONIA TO THE BLEND, HOWEVER, IT DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT
THE TOBACCO TASTE.
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DAP
AS INDICATED EARLIER, THE CHEMICAL NAME IS DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE.
THIS IS A FAIRLY STABLE SOURCE OF AMMONIA, ALTHOUGH, IT SHOULD BE
RECOGNIZED THAT EVEN CAP ON EXPOSURE TO AIR CAN LOSE AS MUCH AS
8% OF THE AVAILABLE AMMONIA. DAP HAS APPROXIMATELY 26% AVAILABLE
AMMONIA. SINCE DAP CAN ONLY PROVIDE AMMONIA, IT CAN ACT ONLY AS
AMELIORANT, IMPACT BOOSTER, AND SATISFACTION PROMOTER.
TYPICALLY, WHEN USING DAP BY ITSELF ON LAMINA, IT IS USED FROM
0.5% TO 1%. AT LOW LEVELS (AROUND 0.5%) IT HELPS TO REDUCE THE
PEPPERY IRRITATrON NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH FLUE-CURED TOBACCOS.
THERE IS A JUST PERCEPTIBLE INCREASE IN IMPACT. AS EXPECTED, IT
DOES NOT HAVE ANY EFFECT ON THE TOBACCO TASTE. AT HIGHER LEVELS,
(BEYOND 1%) IT IMPARTS A METALLIC OFF-TASTE.
EMERGE
THIS IS A BATCF DEVELOPMENT AIMED AT INCORPORATING AMMONIA IN THE
FORM OF SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS. IT IS DESIGNED TO BE SPECIFICALLY
APPLIED TO LOW ALKALOID
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COMPONENTS OF THE BLEND SUCH AS WTS OR RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO.
SINCE THIS ADDITIVE ONLY SUPPLIES AMMONIA TO THE BLEND, IT IS
EXPECTED TO ACT AS AN AMELIORANT AND IMPACT BOOSTER. IN A TYPICAL
AMERICAN BLEND, AT 2% INCLUSION LEVEL, IT REDUCES THE HARSHNESS
AND IRRITATION, BUT AT THE SAME TIME IT REPRESSES THE TOBACCO
TASTE.
HOWEVER, IN GERMAN TYPE BLENDS, EMERGE HAS BEEN FOUND TO REDUCE
STRENGTH, IRRITATION, AND ACRIDNESS WITHOUT AFFECTING THE
MOUTHFULNESS. IT ALSO IMPROVES THE AFTERTASTE BY REDUCING THE
BITTERNESS.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT BATCF.
ANSIRO
THIS IS A SOUZA CRUZ DEVELOPMENT AND IS A REACTION FLAVOR MADE
FROM BANANA EXTRACT AND AMMONIA. SINCE THE FLAVOR IS
PREDOMINANTLY A REACTION PRODUCT BETWEEN SUGAR AND AMMONIA, IT
SHOULD ACT AS A TOBACCO TASTE ENHANCER AND WOULD NOT HAVE A
SIGNIFICANT
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EFFECT ON IMPACT AND IRRITATION.
AT 1.5% TO 3.0% ADDITION LEVEL ON A TYPICAL AMERICAN BLEND, IT
IMPARTS BODY AND ENHANCES TOBACCO TASTE WITHOUT SIGNIFICANTLY
AFFECTING THE REPORTED IMPACT AND IRRITATION. ON A BRAZILIAN
BLEND, HOWEVER, SOUZA CRUZ FOUND THAT ANSIRO "INCREASES BODY,
ENHANCES TOASTED-ROASTED NOTES, IMPARTS A BURLEY SMOKE CHARACTER
AND OTHER TYPICAL NOTES TO ROUND-OFF AND SMOOTHEN AMERICAN
BLENDED AND VIRGINIA/BURLEY BLENDED CIGARETTE SMOKE". SOUZA CRUZ
FURTHER FOUND THAT ANSIRO IN COMBINATION WITH AMMONIUM TARTRATE
(ADDED TO WTS TO PROVIDE 1.35% AMMONIUM TARTRATE ON THE FINAL
BLEND) DECREASES IRRITATION IN ADDITION TO THE BENEFITS OFFERED
BY ANSIRO AS DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY.
ANSIRO IS USED AS A CASING INGREDIENT FOR FLUE-CURED TOBACCOS.
TOBACCOS TREATED WITH ANSIRO SHOULD NOT BE EXPOSED TO
TEMPERATURES BEYOND 16O F (70 C). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE
CONTACT SOUZA CRUZ.
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TABLE 1
TYPICAL SMOKE ANALYSIS OF 100% CPCL CIGARETTES
TAR (MG/CIG) 20.2
PUFFS 15.1
NICOTINE (MG/CIG) 0.78
FILTER EFFICIENCY (%) 48.0
CARBON MONOXIDE (MG/CIG) 23.8
TAR/NIC. RATIO 25.9
SMOKE pH 7.8
NICOTINE TRANSFER EFF. (%) 22.2
TOBACCO WEIGHT (MG/CIG) 1180
TABLE 2
SMOKE ANALYSIS OF CIGARETTES CONTAINING VARYING
LEVELS OF CPCL AND EBR
PERCENT IN
BLEND TAR NICOTINE NICOTINE TAR/NIC.
CPCL EBR (MG) (MG/CIG) PUFFS TRANS. EFF. RATIO
0 17 14.7 1.14 8.7 14.87% 12.9
4 13 16.3 1.20 8.8 16.38% 13.6
8 9 16.3 1.26 8.8 16.87% 12.9
12 5 16.6 1.28 9.0 17.84% 13.0
17 0 16.7 1.29 9.2 18.16% 12.9
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SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSIONS DEAL WITH SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR
EXPERIMENTING WITH EACH OF THE RT's DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY. THE
DISCUSSIONS ARE NECESSARILY GENERAL, AS THERE ARE NO SET RULES
FOR IMPLEMENTING RT. RATHER, STARTING POINTS ARE GIVEN FOR EACH
RT, AND THE LEAF BLENDER OR PRODUCT DEVELOPER WILL NEED TO
PRODUCE EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES TO DETERMINE THE BEST WAY TO
IMPLEMENT THE RT CHOSEN. B&W WILL DISCUSS ANY QUESTIONS IN
FURTHER DETAIL UPON REQUEST.
CPCL BLEND USE:
SUGGESTED STARTING LEVELS FOR EVALUATING CPCL IN A BLEND ARE 5%,
7.5%, AND 10%. AT B&W, CPCL IS USED AT LEVELS UP TO 10% IN
BLENDS. LEVELS ABOVE THIS CAN RESULT IN AN "EARTHY" OFF-TASTE OR
GIVE THE CIGARETTE A "FLAT" TASTE. FOR MARKETS NOT ACCUSTOMED TO
THE INCLUSION OF AMMONIA, A 10% LEVEL MAY BE TOO HIGH. IN MARKETS
USING MORE FILLER STYLE TOBACCOS, ONE MAY
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FIND THAT HIGHER LEVELS OF CPCL ARE NEEDED TO OBTAIN THE OPTIMUM
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS. THIS IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT CPCL
SHOULD IMPROVE NICOTINE TRANSFER EFFICIENCY, WHICH SHOULD
INCREASE SMOKER REPORTED SATISFACTION. ALSO, THE CPCL SHOULD
IMPART MORE VOLATILE BASES TO THE SMOKE THEREBY INCREASING
STRENGTH. THIS SHOULD BE EXPERIMENTED WITH TO DETERMINE THE
PROPER INCLUSION LEVEL.
AT B&W, WE HAVE NO PRODUCTS WITH CPCL AS THE ONLY RECONSTITUTED
TOBACCO. WE USE A MIX OF CPCL AND EBR (SEE CPCL/EBR COMBINATION
SECTION FOR MORE DETAIL). SOME BAT COMPANIES ARE USING CPCL AS
THE ONLY RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO IN THEIR BLENDS. THEY USE ABOUT
10% INCLUSION LEVELS.
IN OUR EXPERIENCE AT B&W, WE HAVE NOT SEEN A LOT OF VARIATION IN
THE AMOUNT OF CPCL NEEDED AS THE FLUE-CURED/BURLEY RATIO CHANGES.
MARKETS WITH VIRGINIA OR MODIFIED VIRGINIA PRODUCTS WILL NEED TO
EVALUATE SEVERAL LEVELS TO OBTAIN THE OPTIMUM SENSORY
CHARACTERISTICS.
AT B&W, THE CPCL IS INCLUDED WITH THE FLUE-CURED PORTION OF THE
BLEND IN THE PRIMARY PROCESS, AND IS CASED WITH THE FLUE-CURED
CASING. IT CAN ALSO BE ADDED TO THE REDRIED BURLEY PRIOR TO TOP
DRESSING. DO NOT REDRY CPCL. REDRYING
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IS DETRIMENTAL TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS
OF CPCL.
CFCL IS PACKED IN T6B CONTAINERS HOLDING 160 NET KILOS OF CPCL.
ERR BLEND USE:
A RECOMMENDED STARTING POINT FOR SENSORY EVALUATION OF EBR IS 10
TO 15% IN THE BLEND. EBR CAN BE USED UP TO ANY LOGICAL
RECONSTITUTED LEVEL IN A BLEND ( 20% MAXIMUM) WITHOUT ADVERSE
EFFECTS. AT B&W WE HAVE PRODUCTS WITH ALL EBR AND WITH EBR/CPCL
MIXTURES. EBR LEVELS RANGE FROM 8 TO 20% WITH THE LOWER LEVELS
BEING USED IN COMBINATION WITH CPCL.
AS WITH CPCL, BE CAUTIOUS OF MAKING JUDGEMENTS ABOUT EBR AT HIGH
LEVELS IN MARKETS NOT ACCUSTOMED TO THE INCLUSION OF AMMONIA.
FINAL OPTIMUM EBR LEVELS WILL DEPEND ON THE CURRENT STEM
INCLUSION LEVEL AND OTHER BLEND COMPONENTS, SUCH AS FILLER
TOBACCOS. ONE MAY NEED TO REDUCE THE STEM AND SOME SELECTED
GRADES WHEN INCLUDING EBR. THIS HAS TO BE DETERMINED ON AN
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS.
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AT B&W, THE EBR IS ADDED TO THE REDRIED BURLEY PRIOR TO TOP
DRESSING, OR TO THE FLUE-CURED PORTION PRIOR TO CASING. AS WITH
CPCL, DO NOT REDRY EBR.
EBR IS PACKED IN T6B CONTAINERS HOLDING 160 NET KILOS OF EBR.
CPCL/EBR COMBINATIONS:
AT B&W, WE TYPICALLY USE A MIXTURE OF CPCL AND EBR IN OUR
NON-MENTHOL FULL-FLAVOR AND LIGHTS PRODUCTS. AS ALREADY STATED,
WE HAVE PRODUCTS WITH ALL EBR AND NO CPCL, BUT NO ALL CPCL
PRODUCTS.
A "TYPICAL" B&W NONMENTHOL BLEND WILL CONTAIN 18% TOTAL
RECONSTITUTED, WITH AN EBR/CPCL RATIO OR 60/40. THIS LEVEL AND
RATIO ARE FOR USB-TYPE PRODUCTS THAT ALSO INCLUDE 6% FLUE-CURED
STEM. WE HAVE FOUND THIS TO BE THE OPTIMUM LEVEL ACROSS A RANGE
OF FLUE-CURED/BURLEY RATIOS AND PRODUCT STYLES (I.E., FULL TASTE,
LIGHTS, ULTRAS). ALSO, B&W USES RATHER FLAVORFUL GRADES OF
TOBACCOS, AND FOR BLENDS HIGH IN FILLER STYLES, THE OPTIMUM USAGE
LEVELS COULD BE DIFFERENT.
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FINAL EBR AND CPCL INCLUSION LEVELS WILL DEPEND ON CURRENT BLEND
COMPONENTS SUCH AS STEM AND TYPES OF TOBACCOS (FILLER VS. FULL
FLAVOR). LEVELS AND RATIOS MAY BE QUITE DIFFERENT WITH OTHER
BLEND TYPES AND STEM LEVELS. ALSO, AS DISCUSSED IN THE CPCL
SECTION, BLENDS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF FILLER TOBACCOS MAY REQUIRE
MORE CPCL/EBR. IF A BLEND CURRENTLY HAS A HIGH STEM LEVEL, ONE
MAY WANT TO EXPERIMENT WITH SUBSTITUTING CPCL AND/OR EBR FOR A
PORTION OF THE STEM AS WELL AS A MIXTURE OF THE STEM AND LAMINA.
WHEN B&W BEGAN EVALUATING AMMONIATED RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS, WE
WERE USING ART (A RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO WITHOUT ANY AMMONIA
ADDITIVES) AND A MIX OF LARGE FLUE-CURED AND BURLEY STEMS AS WTS
(WATER TREATED STEMS). OUR FIRST STEP WAS TO PUT THE BURLEY STEMS
IN THE RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO, AND USE ONLY FLUE-CURED STEM IN
WTS. THE AMOUNT OF STEM ADDED TO THE BLEND WAS REDUCED TO ABOUT
6% AS A RESULT. THE RECONSTITUTED MIX WAS MANIPULATED TO GIVE THE
DESIRED SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS. THE TABLE ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE
SHOWS EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL NONMENTHOL BLENDS WITH DIFFERENT
RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS.
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PERCENT (%) BLEND INCLUSION
BLEND WITHOUT BLEND WITH BLEND WITH
AMMONIATED RECON EBR EBR/CPCL MIX
COMPONENT
FLUE-CURED 24.7 24.7 24.7
BURLEY 23.7 23.7 23.7
ORIENTAL 18.3 18.3 18.3
EXPANDED 10.2 10.2 10.2
TOBACCO
ART 12.1
CPCL 8.9
EBR 16.7 7.8
FC-WTS 6.4 6.4
FC/BUR WTS 11.0
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IN EACH OF THESE BLENDS, CPCL IS CASED WITH THE FLUE-CURED AND
ORIENTAL TOBACCOS, AND EBR IS TOP-DRESSED WITH THE REDRIED BURLEY
TOBACCO. THESE AMMONIATED RECONS SHOULD NOT BE REDRIED, AND DO
NOT REQUIRE THE HEAVY CASING NORMALLY APPLIED TO BURLEY TOBACCO.
IN FACT, THE ONLY CASING REQUIRED ON THESE RECONS INCLUDES WATER
AND HUMECTANTS AS PLASTICIZERS FOR AID IN PROCESSING.
IN THESE EXAMPLES, THE FLUE-CURED AND BURLEY PORTIONS DID NOT
CHANGE EXCEPT FOR THE ALL CPCL BLEND. WE HAVE FOUND IMPROVEMENTS
IN SMOKE QUALITY WITHOUT ADJUSTING THE FLUE-CURED/BURLEY RATIO AS
ON?? GOES FROM USING NO AMMONIATED RECONSTITUTED TO A BLEND USING
ALL ??? AND FURTHER IMPROVEMENT WITH A EBR/CPCL MIX. BLENDS USING
DIFFERENT STYLES OF TOBACCOS FROM WHAT B&W USES (I.E., MORE
FILLER STYLES) REQUIRE ADJUSTMENTS TO THE FLUE-CURED AND BURLEY
MIX WHEN INCORPORATING AMMONIATED RECONSTITUTED. IT MAY ALSO BE
POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF BURLEY TOBACCO IN THE BLEND WHEN
USING RT RECONS (IN PARTICULAR, CPCL). THIS IS BECAUSE THESE
RECONS TEND TO INCREASE THE BURLEY CHARACTER OF THE SMOKE. THIS
MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE FOR ???? BLENDS, HOWEVER, AND EXPERIMENTATION
WITH THE PARTICULAR BLEND IN QUESTION IS NECESSARY.
FOR OPTIMUM SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS WHEN ELIMINATING EBR, THE
BURLEY PORTION IS INCREASED TO COMPENSATE FOR LESS AMMONIATED
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RECONSTITUTED. AS PREVIOUSLY STATED THE CPCL LEVEL REMAINS BELOW
??? EVEN IN A BLEND WITH NO OTHER RECONSTITUTED. ONE MAY FIND
THAT WITH MORE FILLER STYLES OF TOBACCO, MORE CPCL CAN BE USED.
THE USE OF CPCL AND EBR IN MENTHOL PRODUCTS IS VERY LIMITED AT
B&W. WE HAVE POUND THAT THE NORMAL MENTHOL LEVELS USED AT B&W
(0?? TO 0.5% FOR FULL FLAVOR PRODUCTS) ARE NOT COMPATIBLE WITH
AMMONIATED RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS. CAPRI MENTHOL AND THE KOOL XL
EXPORTED TO JAPAN ARE THE ONLY B&W MENTHOL PRODUCTS THAT USE
AMMONIATED RECONSTITUTED. KOOL XL HAS A LOW MENTHOL LEVEL
COMPARED TO OUR OTHER MENTHOL PRODUCTS WHICH MAY EXPLAIN WHY IT
IS ACCEPTABLE, AND THE DESIGN OF CAPRI PROBABLY HAS AN EFFECT ON
IT. THE TARGET FOR CAPRI WAS VIRGINIA SLIMS, WHICH USES AMMONIA.
WHEN TRYING EBR OR CPCL IN A MENTHOL PRODUCT, A SUGGESTED
STARTING POINT WOULD BE ABOUT HALF THE LEVEL IN A NONMENTHOL
PRODUCT (I.E., 5% EBR AND/OR 5% CPCL).
IN SUMMARY, THERE IS NO ONE QUICK AND SIMPLE RULE TO FOLLOW IN
DETERMINING THE INCLUSION OF EBR AND/OR CPCL. B&W HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFUL IN COMBINING THE MATERIALS IN A 60% EBR/40% CPCL RATIO
INCLUDING AT 17% ALONG WITH 6% FLUE-CURED STEM IN OUR NONMENTHOL
PRODUCTS. THE ADDITION OF EBR AND/OR CPCL SHOULD BE
EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED BASED ON LOCAL TASTES.
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CIGARETTE DESIGN:
THE USE OF CPCL AND/OR EBR DOES NOT NAVE A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE
DESIGN OR CONSTRUCTION OF THE CIGARETTE. EBR AND CPCL CAN BE USED
?? FULL-FLAVOR, LIGHTS OR ULTRA CIGARETTES. AN INCLUSION LEVEL OF
10? CPCL WILL TYPICALLY INCREASE THE MEASURED TAR DELIVERY OF A
FULL-FLAVOR CIGARETTE 1 MG AND A LIGHTS CIGARETTE 0.5 MG. THE
INCLUSION OF CPCL MAY ALSO REQUIRE AN INCREASE IN DENSITY
(DEPENDING ON BLEND CONSTITUENTS REMOVED) IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN
HARDNESS. THIS IS BECAUSE CPCL HAS LOWER FILLING POWER THAN OTHER
BLEND COMPONENTS.
EMERGE (DESCRIPTION AND USAGE)
EMERGE IS A MEDIUM TO DARK YELLOW AQUEOUS SOLUTION DEVELOPED AND
AVAILABLE EX BATCF. ALTHOUGH THE FORMULA IS PROPRIETARY, IN
GENERAL TERMS IT CONTAINS A MIXTURE OF NON-VOLATILE ORGANIC ACIDS
INHERENT ?? TOBACCO AND AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE. IT ALSO CONTAINS A
POLYSACCHARIDE SOURCE TO PREVENT CRYSTALLIZATION. EMERGE CONTAINS
7.5% OF 30% AQUEOUS AMMONIA AND HAS A WATER CONTENT OF
APPROXIMATELY 50% (pH = 6.8). IT IS A STABLE MIXTURE AND WILL NOT
REACT VIOLENTLY WITH WATER. IT IS SUPPLIED IN COATED METAL DRUMS
AND SHOULD BE STORED IN SEALED CONTAINERS IN A COOL, DRY, WELL
VENTILATED AREA, AWAY FROM IGNITION SOURCES (FLASH POINT = 97 C).
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REASONABLE CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN WHEN HANDLING, AS SPLASHES COULD
CAUSE EYE AND SKIN IRRITATION. SPLASH-PROOF SAFETY GLASSES AND
??? RESISTANT GLOVES SHOULD BE WORN WHEN PROLONGED OR FREQUENT
CONTACT COULD OCCUR.
SINCE DAP (AND CONSEQUENTLY EBR AND CPCL) IS NOT ALLOWED IN
GERMANY, BATCF HAS DEVELOPED EMERGE AS A PRIMARY SOURCE OF
AMMONIA CIGARETTES. ITS MECHANISM DIFFERS FROM EBR AND CPCL IN
THAT NO SUGAR-AMMONIA REACTIONS ARE INVOLVED.
EMERGE IS CURRENTLY BEING USED BY BATCF AS A STEM ADDITIVE IN
THEIR LUCKY STRIKE PRODUCTS FOR GERMANY AND ITALY. THE LEVEL OF
USAGE IS SUCH THAT THE FINAL BLEND CONTAINS ABOUT 0.5% TO 1.0% OF
EMERGE.
AS WITH OTHER RT MATERIALS, EMERGE IS APPLIED TO A LOW ALKALOID
PORTION OF THE BLEND. IT CAN BE APPLIED AS AN ADDITIVE ON STEMS
OF RECONSTITUTED, AS A BURLEY TOP DRESSING OR AS A FLUE-CURED
CASING.
IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT CIGARETTES CONTAINING EMERGE BE ALLOWED TO
AGE FROM 5 TO 10 DAYS PRIOR TO SMOKING TO ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME
FOR AMMONIA MIGRATION AND NICOTINE TRANSFER TO OCCUR.
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DAP (DESCRIPTION AND USAGE)
DAP IS AN ODORLESS, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER, WHICH GRADUALLY
LOSES ABOUT 8% AMMONIA WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR. THE LOSS IS
ACCELERATED WITH INCREASING HEAT.
IT IS SUPPLIED IN FIBERGLASS DRUMS WITH POLYETHYLENE LINERS. ???
SHOULD BE STORED IN DRY, SEALED, CLEAN CONTAINERS.
DAP IS READILY SOLUBLE IN WATER (PH = 8). IT IS ESSENTIALLY
INSOLUBLE IN ALCOHOL AND THUS IS APPLIED AS A CASING OR TOP
DRESS????
NORMAL GOOD HOUSEKEEPING AND HANDLING SHOULD BE FOLLOWED. AFTER
EXPOSURE, HANDS AND FACE SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY WASHED WITH WATER.
MIXING TANKS AND LINES SHOULD BE FLUSHED WITH VERY HOT WATER
IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE. ALL EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE STAINLESS STEEL.
??? IS USED AS A SOURCE OF AMMONIA FOR REACTION MIXTURES. USUALLY
IT ??? REACTED WITH MONOSACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES, CORN SYRUP,
OR CAR???? PRIOR TO APPLICATION TO TOBACCO COMPONENTS (EBR,
CPCL).
IT CAN ALSO BE USED AS A SINGLE SOURCE OF AMMONIA FOR CIGARETTE
PRODUCTS. IT IS USED ON SOME B&W LICENSED PRODUCTS.
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BECAUSE OF ITS LIMITED SOLUBILITY WITH ALCOHOL, IT IS NOT USED AS
A FINAL FLAVOR MATERIAL. IN ADDITION, IT DOES NOT MIX WELL WITH
OTHER CASING MATERIAL AND, THEREFORE, MUST BE APPLIED AS A
SEPARATE INGREDIENT. IT CAN BE APPLIED AS A BURLEY CASING PRIOR
TO CLD, AS FLUE-CURED CASING, OR AS A TOP DRESSING OVER THE
ENTIRE LAMINA BLEND. THE NORMAL LEVEL or USAGE AS A SINGLE
INGREDIENT IS APPROXIMATELY 0.5% BASED ON THE FINAL BLEND.
ANSIRO (DESCRIPTION AND USAGE)
ANSIRO IS A DEVELOPMENT OF SOUZA CRUZ AND IS AVAILABLE DIRECTLY
FROM THEM. IT USES AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE WITH A SPECIFIC FRUIT
EXTRACT. THEREFORE, IT CONTAINS SOME SUGAR-AMMONIA REACTION
PRODUCTS IN ADDITION TO BEING A SOURCE OF AMMONIA. IT IS A BROWN
WATER-BASED LIQUID EASY TO HANDLE.
DEVELOPMENT WORK BY SOUZA CRUZ INCLUDED USING EXTRACTS OF VARIOUS
FRUITS (INCLUDING PRUNE, PINEAPPLE, CASHEW, AND BANANA) AS A
SUGAR SOURCE IN CONJUNCTION WITH AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE OR DAP.
REACTION CONDITIONS WERE AT 90 C FOR ONE HOUR.
SINCE SOUZA CRUZ DOES NOT HAVE THE CAPABILITY FOR A RECONSTITUED
TOBACCO PROCESS, ANSIRO HAS BEEN APPLIED TO STEM OR AS A CASING
MATERIAL. IF USED ON STEM, IT IS APPLIED PRIOR TO EXPANSION, AS
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FILLING POWER WOULD BE REDUCED IF APPLIED POST-EXPANSION. WHEN
APPLIED AS A CASING MATERIAL, IT IS APPLIED TO THE FLUE-CURED
RAT?? THAN THE BURLEY, IF THE BURLEY IS TO BE REDRIED BECAUSE
SOME LOSS DUE TO VOLATILIZATION MAY OCCUR IF HEATED 0VER 60 C.
THROUGH THE USE OF FRUIT EXTRACTS, ANSIRO IMPARTS FLAVOR NOTES ??
WELL AS THE NORMAL EFFECTS OF RT. RT IS EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING
IRRITATION WITH A SOMEWHAT LOWER CONTRIBUTION TO BURLEY CHARACTER
THAN THE AT USING EBR AND CPCL.
SOUZA CRUZ CURRENTLY USES ANSIRO (AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE WITH BANANA
EXTRACT) IN HOLLYWOOD EXPORT, LUCKY STRIKE, CAPRI, AND BARCLAY.
APPLIED RATE IS 1-2% BASED ON THE FINAL BLEND.
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REGULATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
REGULATIONS
BROWN AND WILLIAMSON ADDITIVE USE IS GUIDED BY THE B&W ADDITIVES
ADVISORY COMMITTEE. SIMILARLY, BATCO COMPANY ADDITIVE USE IS
GUIDED BY THE BAT ADDITIVES AND MATERIALS GUIDANCE PANEL. BOTH
THE B&W COMMITTEE AND THE BAT PANEL ENSURE THAT ALL ADDITIVES ARE
IN COMPLIANCE WITH BAT GROUP POLICY. BOTH ALSO MAINTAIN A FULL
AWARENESS OF LOCAL REGULATIONS.
IN MOST COUNTRIES, THERE ARE NO REGULATIONS GOVERNING TOBACCO
ADDITIVES; NOR ARE THERE VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS BETWEEN TOBACCO
MANUFACTURERS AND THE GOVERNMENT REGARDING THE USE OF ADDITIVES.
HOWEVER, GOVERNMENT REGULATION or THE PRODUCT FROM COUNTRY TO
COUNTRY IS EVOLVING AND ANY REPORT ON THE STATUS OF ADDITIVE
REGULATIONS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES IS SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENTS. THE
INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE IS ACCURATE TO THE BEST OF OUR
KNOWLEDGE AS OF FEBRUARY 1, 1991.
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THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES HAVE REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE USE OF
TOBACCO ADDITIVES:
BELGIUM
CANADA
FRANCE
GERMANY
HONG KONG
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TERRITORIES OF ABOVE
IN ADDITION, IN THE COUNTRIES LISTED ON THE FOLLOWIING PAGE THE
TOBACCO MANUFACTURERS HAVE VOLUNTARILY AGREED TO FOLLOW A SET OF
GUIDELINES GOVERNING THE USE OF TOBACCO ADDITIVES. WHILE SUCH
GUIDELINES ARE NOT LAW, NEVERTHELESS THEY ARE FOLLOWED AS IF THEY
WERE THE LAW.
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AUSTRIA (FOLLOW GERMAN REGULATIONS)
ENGLAND
FINLAND (ADDITIVES ON ANY OF GERMAN, U.S., U.K.,
OR FRENCH LISTS)
IRELAND (FOLLOW ENGLISH VOLUNTARY CONTROLS)
ITALY
JAPAN
LUXEMBOURG (FOLLOW BELGIUM REGULATIONS)
NETHERLANDS (FOLLOW FOOD REGULATIONS)
PORTUGAL (FOLLOW FOOD REGULATIONS)
TERRITORIES OF ABOVE
THERE ARE NO TOBACCO ADDITIVE REGULATIONS IN THE U.S. HOWEVER, IN
1984 A LAW WAS PASSED REQUIRING THAT MANUFACTURERS ANNUALLY
REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT A COMBINED LIST OF INGREDIENTS USED IN
ALL BRANDS SOLD IN THE U.S. THIS INCLUDES PROCESSING AIDS AND
ADDITIVES USED IN RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO.
FUTURE CONCERNS
ATTENTION SHOULD BE FOCUSSED ON EUROPE IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS
BECAUSE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOBACCO REGULATIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN
SINGLE MARKET IS LIKELY TO INFLUENCE OTHER COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE.
THE NEW EUROPEAN REGULATIONS WILL BECOME EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 31,
1992. A
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PERIOD OF ONE YEAR THEREAFTER WILL BE ALLOWED TO BRING PRODUCTS
INTO COMPLIANCE WITH THE NEW REGULATIONS. HOWEVER, THERE IS A
POSSIBILITY THAT TOBACCO REGULATIONS MAY NOT BE FULLY DEVELOPED
BY DECEMBER 31, 1992. IF THAT HAPPENS, NEW TOBACCO REGULATIONS
ARE NOT LIKELY TO TAKE EFFECT UNTIL 1994.
IN MAY, 1988, THE CANADIAN PARLIAMENT ENACTED A LAW REQUIRING
CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS TO REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT THE IDENTITY
AND AMOUNTS OF ALL INGREDIENTS ADDED TO A CIGARETTE IN ITS
MANUFACTURE. THIS IS TO BE DONE ON A BRAND-BY-BRAND BASIS;
HOWEVER, NO REPORTING IS REQUIRED FOR MANUFACTURERS OR IMPORTERS
WHOSE SALES ARE LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKET.
A SIMILAR ATTEMPT WAS MADE IN FINLAND IN 1990 TO HAVE TOBACCO
MANUFACTURERS REPORT INGREDIENTS AND QUANTITIES ON A
BRAND-BY-BRAND BASIS. THE FINNISH GOVERNMENT HAS THUS FAR
ACCEPTED THE CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS' DISCLOSURE OF INGREDIENTS
USED IN SUBSTANTIAL VOLUME AND REPRESENTATION THAT EVERY
INGREDIENT USED IS ON EITHER THE GERMAN, FRENCH, U.K., OR U.S.
LISTS.
IN 1990, THE SWISS GOVERNMENT MADE INQUIRIES OF THE TOBACCO
INDUSTRY SUGGESTING THAT SWITZERLAND MAY BE CONSIDERING STRICTER
TOBACCO ADDITIVE REGULATIONS.
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ALSO IN 1990, LEGISLATION WAS INTRODUCED IN THE U.S CONGRESS THAT
WOULD HAVE REQUIRED MANUFACTURERS TO REPORT CIGARETTE INGREDIENTS
ON A BRAND-BY-BRAND BASIS. THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION WOULD HAVE
ESTABLISHED THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AS AN
EVALUATION CENTER, AND EMPOWERED IT TO BAN THE USE OF INGREDIENTS
IT CONSIDERED TO BE UNSAFE. THE LEGISLATION FAILED TO BECOME LAW.
ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE IS A TABLE WHICH SUMMARIZES REGULATIONS OR
RESTRICTIONS ON CURRENT BAT RT's.
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REGULATORY STATUS OF ROOT TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
COUNTRY CPCL EBR DAP EMERGE ANSIRO
(INCL TERR.)
AUSTRIA X X X 3 3
BELGIUM
CANADA
ENGLAND 2
FINLAND X X X 3 3
FRANCE 4 4 1 4 4
GERMANY X X X 3 3
HONG KONG
IRELAND 2
ITALY
JAPAN
LUXEMBOURG
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
SPAIN X X X
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
X NOT PERMITTED
1 USE RESTRICTED TO RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO
2 UP TO 4% PERMITTED
3 UP TO 25% RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO PERMITTED
4 CIGARETTE MUST CONTAIN 85% OR MORE TOBACCO
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ROOT TECHNOLOGY PATENTS
PATENTS ARE A SOURCE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION FOR THE
PRODUCT DEVELOPER. BUT THE TECHNICAL PERSON CANNOT PASS JUDGEMENT
ON WHETHER INFRINGEMENT MAY OCCUR. THIS IS A QUESTION THAT MUST
BE ANSWERED BY A LAWYER FOR THE COMPANY WHICH MANUFACTURES OR
DISTRIBUTES THE PRODUCT WHO IS FAMILIAR WITH THE LOCAL PATENT AND
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND ITS ADMINISTRATION.
THE PERSON PREPARING A PATENT ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE THE MINIMUM
REQUIRED INFORMATION ABOUT THE INVENTION AND ITS BENEFITS. THUS,
THE PATENTS MAY NOT CONTAIN SUFFICIENT INFORMATION TO BEST USE A
PROCESS.
THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND AMMONIA CONFERENCE CONTAIN RT
PATENTS PRESENTATIONS FROM TWO LABORATORIES (R&D-B031-90, pp
122-145). THE ONLY FAIR DEGREE OF OVERLAP BETWEEN THESE LISTS IS
LARGELY DUE TO VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL PATENTS BEING GRANTED IN MORE
THAN ONE COUNTRY.
THE TABLES ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES LIST PATENTS THAT, ACCORDING TO
OUR INFORMATION, INCLUDE REFERENCES TO RT AND THUS MIGHT AFFECT
RT AS PRACTICED WITHIN THE BAT
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ORGANIZATION. THE TABLES ARE PRESENTED TO AID YOUR UNDERSTANDING
OF RT AND ITS PRACTICE, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS. BECAUSE A
LAWYER EXPERIENCED IN PATENTS SHOULD PROVIDE THE ADVICE ABOUT
POTENTIAL INFRINGEMENT. WE DO NOT REPRESENT THAT ONE TABLE
CONTAINS A COMPLETE LIST OP PATENTS WHICH MIGHT BE ASSERTED IN AN
INFRINGEMENT ACTION AGAINST A PRODUCT UTILIZING RT. A LACK OF AN
ASSIGNEE MEANS THAT THE PATENT WAS GRANTED TO A PERSON RATHER
THAN BEING ASSIGNED TO A COMPANY.
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TABLE 1
ROOT TECHNOLOGY PATENTS - TOBACCO APPLICATIONS
NUMBER ASSIGNEE TECHNICAL AREA
GB 1356411 PM ACET PROCESS
US 3771533 PM ACET PROCESS
US 4248252 PM ACET PROCESS
US 4266562 PM ACET PROCESS
US 4420635 PM ACET PROCESS
US 246975 NH3 + FERMENTED TOBACCO, THEN HEAT
US 3729009 K-C ADD UREA TO PAPER RECON
US 3957060 B&W ADD UREA TO TOBACCO
US 3782393 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE
GB 1193554 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE ON CIGARETTE PAPER
GB 814820 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE ON CIGARETTE PAPER
GB 583149 ECUSTA AMMONIUM SO4 AND PO4 ON CIG PAPER
US 4532945 PM CROSS LINK DAP + CITRIC ACID
US 3411514 PM DAP IMPROVES STEM TASTE
GB 1341525 AMF DAP ON TOBACCO FOR IMPROVED BURN
US 4072155 LOR DAP CATALYST FOR STIFFNESS IMPROVEMENT
US 1859379 AM ETHANOLAMINES AS CASINGS
US 4286606 PM FLAVORS
US 4379464 PM FLAVORS
US 4537204 PM FLAVORS
US 4638816 PM FLAVORS
US 4123592 PM FLAVORS PENETRATION
US 4184495 PM FLAVORS PENETRATION
US 3425425 PM NH3 IN STEM CASINGS BEFORE PUFFING
US 2171986 NH3 SALTS, UREA ETC. ON PAPER
US 4607646 PM NH3 TREATMENT OF TOBACCO
US 4628947 PM NH3 TREATMENT OF TOBACCO
US 4744375 B&W NH3 + TOBACCO
US 4825884 B&W NH3 + TOBACCO
EP 11368 LOR NICOTINE MIGRATION
US 4215706 LOR NICOTINE MIGRATION
EP 162671 PM PECTIN RELEASE
GB 1078667 TAMAG PECTIN RELEASE
GB 1153120 WILLS PECTIN RELEASE
GB 1218848 PM PECTIN RELEASE
GB 1321179 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3353541 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3386449 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3409026 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3420241 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3435829 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3483874 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3499454 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3746012 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3760815 PM PECTIN RELEASE
US 3762392 PECTIN RELEASE
US 3929141 TAMAG PECTIN RELEASE
US 4674519 PM PECTIN RELEASE
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TABLE 1 (TOBACCO APPLICATIONS - CONTINUED)
NUMBER ASSIGNEE TECHNICAL AREA
US 3842846 PM PUFFING
US 4646760 TAMAG PUFFING
US 4677994 B&W PUFFING
US 4700722 B&W PUFFING
WO 89/02227 QUICK AGING OF TOBACCO
US 283622 REMOVAL OF LIPIDS FROM TOBACCO
US 4827949 SUGAR + TOBACCO
GB 1362751 I.C.I. TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 3529602 PM TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 3545448 I.C.I. TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 3924462 H&R TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 3934594 TAMAG TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 4019520 B&W TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 4079742 PM TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 4333484 PM TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 4506684 PM TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
US 4510950 PM TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE
EP 207809 PM TOBACCO + LIQ NH3
EP 153817 PM TOBACCO + NH3 + HEAT IN AUTOCLAVE
GB 2186783 B&W TOBACCO + NH3 + HEAT IN AUTOCLAVE
GB 2210547 B&W TOBACCO + NH3 + HEAT IN AUTOCLAVE
GB 2187077 B&W TOBACCO + NH3 + STEAM
US 1927984 TRANSFER COFFEE VAPORS TO TOBACCO
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AMMONIA IS ALSO CITED IN A NUMBER OF DENICOTINIZATION PATENTS
(TABLE 2). THE TOBACCO RESIDUE IS OFTEN LEFT WITH A HIGH AMMONIA
CONTENT.
TABLE 2
ROOT TECHNOLOGY PATENTS - DENICOTINIZATION APPLICATIONS
NUMBER ASSIGNEE NUMBER ASSIGNEE
EP 280817 PM GB 969144 RJR
EP 325476 RJR US 1577768
GB 1269959 TAMAG US 1719291
GB 1288688 SEITA US 2478483 USA
GB 234845 US 2822306
GB 265427 US 3742692 SEITA
GB 302560 US 3821960 TAMAG
GB 351779 US 4821749 RJR
AMINO FILTERS (TABLE 3) ALSO ACCOMPLISH SOME OF THE TASTE
OBJECTIVES OF RT.
TABLE 3
ROOT TECHNOLOGY PATENTS - FILTER APPLICATIONS
NUMBER ASSIGNEE NUMBER ASSIGNEE
GB 2020955A BAT US 3828800 B&W
US 3340879 B&W US 4022223 PM
US 3355317 LIG US 4033361 B&W
US 3716063 B&W US 4266561 B&W
US 3716500 B&W US 4372328 BATCF
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
EVERY ORGANIZATION EVOLVES ITS OWN SET OF ACRONYMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS TO FACILITATE INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE,
CRS IS AN ACRONYM FOR CUT ROLLED STEMS, AND FURTHER IMPLIES THE
PROCESS BY WHICH IT IS MADE. CRS IS THEN A THREE LETTER SHORTHAND
TERM FOR WHAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE AT LEAST A PARAGRAPH. WHILE MOST
READERS ALREADY KNOW MOST OF THE TERMS IN THIS GLOSSARY,
DEFINITIONS ARE GIVEN TO ENSURE THAT EVERYONE WILL UNDERSTAND THE
TERMS IN THE SAME MANNER.
ACET A PHILIP MORRIS EXPANDED TOBACCO MADE WITH
AMMONIUM CARBONATE AS THE EXPANSION AGENT.
AJAX A BAND-CAST (SEE BELOW) RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO
MANUFACTURING PROCESS DEVELOPED BY IMASCO IN
CANADA.
AMF AMERICAN MACHINE AND FOUNDRY Co.
ANSIRO A CASING MADE BY HEATING A 70% ALCOHOLIC
EXTRACT OF BANANAS WITH AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
THIS PRODUCT IS AVAILABLE FROM SOUZA CRUZ.
ART A NON-AMMONIATED RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO
SIMILAR TO EBR.
BAND-CAST - A PROCESS FOR MAKING RECONSTITUTED
TOBACCO IN WHICH A SLURRY IS CAST ON A
STAINLESS STEEL BAND AND THEN PASSED THROUGH
A DRYING TUNNEL TO REMOVE WATER.
BATCF BAT CIGARETTENFABRIKEN
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BINDER A FILM-FORMING, TACKY AGENT USED TO HOLD A
THINGS TOGETHER. FOR EXAMPLE, NACMC OR
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE IS A COMMON
BINDER IN RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO PATENTS.
B&W BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOBACCO CORPORATION
CEL CONCENTRATED EXTRACT LIQUOR. THIS IS ADDED
TO THE FORMED FIBER WEB IN THE PAPER PROCESS
FOR MANUFACTURING RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO.
CLO CASED LEAF DRYING.
CPCL A B&W RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO MADE BY THE
BAND-CAST PROCESS. IT USES DAP IN THE STEM
DIGESTION PART OP THE PROCESS TO RELEASE
PECTIN BINDER.
CYTREL A TOBACCO SUBSTITUTE FROM CELANESE CO. THAT
IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE.
DAP DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
DIET DRY ICE EXPANDED TOBACCO.
EBR A PAPER PROCESS (SEE BELOW) RECONSTITUTED
TOBACCO AVAILABLE FROM B&W. IT CONTAINS DAP
IN ITS FORMULATION.
EMERGE A CASING MADE FROM AMMONIUM SALTS OF MALIC,
CITRIC, AND SOMETIMES PHOSPHORIC ACIDS. IT
IS AVAILABLE FROM BATCF.
FURNISH THE TOBACCOS USED TO MAKE A GIVEN
RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO.
H&R HAARMANN & REIMER CORP.
I.C.R. IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
K-C KIMBERLY-CLARK Co.
LIG LIGGETT & MYERS TOBACCO CORP.
LOR P. LORILLARD TOBACCO CORP.
MRT MOORGATE RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO. THIS IS A
HIGH STEM RECON THAT WAS PURCHASED FROM
LORILLARD.
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PAPER PROCESS - A METHOD Of MAKING RECONSTITUTED
TOBACCO IN WHICH EXTRACTABLES REMOVED PROM
THE TOBACCO ~URNISH ARE CONCENTRATED AND
ADDED BACK TO A PAPER BASE MADE FROM THE
TOBACCO FURNISH FIBERS. THAT PART OF THE
EXTRACT ORIGINATING PROM TOBACCO STEMS MAY BE
DISCARDED IN SOME FORMULATIONS.
PECTIN A NATURALLY OCCURRING TOBACCO GUM WITH GOOD
BINDING PROPERTIES. IN TOBACCO, IT OCCURS AS
PROTOPECTIN, WHICH IS PECTIN CROSSLINKED BY
CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM.
PM PHILIP MORRIS TOBACCO CORP.
PROPYL PARABEN - AN ADDITIVE THAT RETARDS MICROBIAL
GROWTH.
PYROLYSIS - DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION. THIS PROCESS
ACCOUNTS FOR MOST CIGARETTE SMOKE FORMATION.
RCB A DESIGNATION WE USE FOR PM's CPCL-TYPE OF
RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO.
RECON A GENERIC TERM FOR RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS
MADE BY ANY MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
RJR R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO.
RT ROOT TECHNOLOGY
SEITA FRENCH TOBACCO MONOPOLY
SLURRY PROCESS - SAME AS BAND-CAST PROCESS FOR
MANUFACTURE OF RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO.
T6B A STANDARD SIZE/SPAPE CARDBOARD SHIPPING BOX.
TOP DRESSING - AT B&W THE TOP DRESSING IS A
SUPPLEMENTARY CASING APPLIED TO ALREADY
CASED/REDRIED BURLEY TOBACCO. THIS PRECEDES
THE CUTTING AND LAMINA DRYING OPERATIONS.
USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
WTS A MODERATELY EXPANDED STEM PRODUCT MADE BY
RAISING CUT-ROLLED-STEM (CRS) TO HIGH
MOISTURE AND THEN DRYING.
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